PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian								0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian								0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									23.03
					Monroecreekian							23.1 *
					Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian							27.82
		Rupelian										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian										37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian					100.5
							Middle Albian					106.2 *
							Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian					139.8
							Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
							Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
							Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan		150
							Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan		152.2 *
							Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian				174.7
							Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
							Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
							Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
							Alaunian				213.2 *
							Lacian				216.7 *
										Otamitan	217
										Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian			Oretian	227
							Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
							Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian		237
					Longobardian		Etalian			238
					Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian					242
					Pelsonian					243.8 *
					Bithynian					244.7 *
					Aegean					245.5 *
					Aegean		Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian					247.2
				Smithian	248.9 *
				Smithian	Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
				Griesbachian			251.4 *
				Griesbachian	DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				254.14	Waiitian
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian						Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
												538.8