PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of England		Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian													Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian													Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan													Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan													Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian															1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean															Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian													Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian															12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian															Early Miocene		15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian															16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian														18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														Late Oligocene		23.03
					Monroecreekian														23.1 *
					Geringian														24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian												Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian															Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian															Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian															Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan															39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan															41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian															46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													Early Eocene		47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean															50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1											Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1											Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1											Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
							Planulata												179.3 *
							Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Kanense		181.3 *
							Carlottense		182.3 *
							Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Kunae		184.2
							Freboldi		185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4							208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian				425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Harju				Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		Gamachian	445.2
										Pirgu		Richmondian	446 *
										Vormsi		Richmondian	449.6 *
										Vormsi		Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Nabala		Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
										Nabala		Edenian			450.4 *
						Viru				Rakvere		Edenian			450.6 *
										Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
										Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Keila				Idavere †	453
										Keila		Turinian			453.7 *
										Haljala					453.9
										Kukruse					456.4 *
										Kukruse	Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Uhaku				Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Uhaku						458.4
										Lasnamagi						458.9 *
										Aseri						460.4 *
						Oeland			Kunda	462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
							Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
									Rangerian			469.1 *
							Billingen		Rangerian			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
								Latorp †							470.1 *
							Hunneberg								473.7 *
											Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Tulean				477.7
											Stairsian				480.3 *
							Varangu				Stairsian				481.3 *
							Varangu				Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
							Pakerort								482.2 *
															Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian		485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
																Payntonian		486.8 *
																Payntonian		487.5
		Jiangshanian												Jiangshanian		Iverian		489.5
								Aksaian										490.7 *
								Sakian										492.2 *
		Paibian												Paibian		Idamean		494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Ayusokkanian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan		497
								Ayusokkanian								Boomerangian		499
								Mayan/Menevian								Boomerangian		499.5
		Drumian												Drumian		Undillan		500.5
		Drumian												Drumian		Floran		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Amgan/Solvan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan												Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4												Duyunian				509
								Toyonian				Lenian †						510 *
								Toyonian										510.8 *
								Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Botomian						Nangaoian				514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian						Nangaoian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian						Meishucunian				521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Manykaian †				Jinnigian		530.7
																			538.8