PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
				Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
				Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Late Oligocene	23.03
						Monroecreekian								23.1 *
						Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian							Early Oligocene	27.82
				Whitneyan										29.5
				Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean									Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Early Eocene	47.8
				Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
				Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian		Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						Lancian/Edmontonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Judithian/Aquilan		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian			174.7
								Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
								Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian						Sevatian			208.5
								Alaunian			213.2 *
								Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					Longobardian			237
		Ladinian						Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian			242
								Pelsonian			243.8 *
								Bithynian			244.7 *
								Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian		Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
														538.8