PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Britain			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene								0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene								0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian											MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene							MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene							MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							MN 15	3.6
													MN 14	4.2
				Hemphillian									MN 14	4.7
													MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene							MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian											MN 12	7.246
													MN 11	7.75
													MN 10	8.7
				Clarendonian									MN 10	9.4
													MN 9	9.7
													MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene								11.63
				Barstovian										12.5
													MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian											MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene							MN 4	15.98
				Hemingfordian									MN 4	16.3
				Hemingfordian									MN 3	16.9
				Arikareean									MN 3	18.5
													MN 2	20
		Aquitanian											MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian											MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene								27.82
				Whitneyan										29.5
				Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian		Late Eocene								33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean		Late Eocene								37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean		Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian		Early Eocene								47.8
				Wasatchian										50.5
				Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene								56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian		Late Paleocene								56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene								60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian		Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian		Puercan		Early Paleocene								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Senonian					Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Gallic							100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Bolindian		Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
				Eastonian				Cautleyan	449 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
				Gisbornian	452 *			Cheneyan
					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Yapeenian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
				Yapeenian	Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
				Castlemainian						468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian						470
				Chewtonian		Whitlandian				471.1 *
				Bendigonian						471.8 *
				Lancefieldian						473.5 *
						Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
						Cressagian				480.8 *
				Warendian		Cressagian				482.8 *
				Warendian						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514			Branchian
		Stage 3					Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
														538.8