PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of the Salt Range	Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean															0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean															0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean															0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean															0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian															0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian															0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan															1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian															4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian															9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian															11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian															12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
				Hemingfordian															16.3
				Arikareean															18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
				Whitneyan															29.5
				Orellan															31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian															33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean															37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean															37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan															39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan															41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian															46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian															47.8
				Wasatchian															50.5
				Clarkforkian															54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian															56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian															56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian															59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian															60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian															61.6
		Danian		Puercan															63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3																174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2																184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Induan			251.2
		Induan			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	254.14
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
					Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
								Ohesaare		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
				Kaugetuma				421.7 *		Bringewood/Elton
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					Buildwas	427.4
				Rootsikula				Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
				Jaagarahu						429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu						430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani						431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani						433.4
				Adavere						434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
								Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
				Raikkula						439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula						440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru						441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Harju				Porkuni				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu					Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Vormsi				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
				Viru				Rakvere								450.6 *
								Rakvere					Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Oandu					Cheneyan			452 *
								Oandu					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Keila							Idavere †	453
								Keila						Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala						Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Kukruse									456.4 *
													Aurelucian				456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
								Uhaku						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Uhaku				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
								Lasnamagi									458.9 *
								Aseri									460.4 *
								Aseri					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
				Oeland				Kunda									462.9 *
					Valaste †/Hunderum			Kunda							464.3 *
								Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2														467.3
												Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
								Billingen									469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian															470
					Latorp †												470.1 *
													Whitlandian				471.1 *
								Hunneberg					Whitlandian				473.7 *
													Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
													Cressagian				480.8 *
							Varangu	481.3 *
							Pakerort	482.2 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean											493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian							Albertian †				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Topazan											504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran											506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran							Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4				Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Dyeran											514
						Montezuman											514.8 *
						Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1														529
																			538.8