PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian Subages	Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
				Hemingfordian							16.3
				Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
				Whitneyan							29.5
				Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian							47.8
				Wasatchian							50.5
				Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian		Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Late Albian					100.5
						Middle Albian					106.2 *
						Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian					139.8
						Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
						Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
					Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †				298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Srbsko	Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Chotec	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Chotec	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Daleje/Zlichovian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Early Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
											538.8