PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									0.129
				Irvingtonian									0.21
							Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
				Blancan									1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian					MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean					MN 16	2.58
							Chapadmalalan					MN 16	2.9 *
												MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
												MN 14	4.2
				Hemphillian								MN 14	4.7
							Huayquerian					MN 13	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12	7.246
												MN 11	7.75
							Chasicoan					MN 11	7.9 *
												MN 10	8.7
				Clarendonian								MN 10	9.4
												MN 9	9.7
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
												MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
				Barstovian									12.5
												MN 6	12.8 *
							Colloncuran					MN 6	13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran					MN 5	13.82
		Langhian					Friasian					MN 5	15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian					MN 4	15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
				Hemingfordian									16.3
												MN 3	16.9
							Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
				Arikareean									18.5
												MN 2	20
		Aquitanian											20.44
							Deseadan						20.9 *
												MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
				Whitneyan									29.5
				Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian									33.9
				Chadronian			Divisaderan						35.9 *
				Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
							Mustersan						41.9 *
				Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
							Casamayoran						47.9 *
				Wasatchian									50.5
				Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	Riochican	56
				Tiffanian	Riochican	56.2
					Itaboraian	56.9 *
					Peligran	58.9 *
		Selandian				59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian				61.6
					Tiupampan	62.4 *
				Puercan	Tiupampan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Late Albian	100.5
						Middle Albian	106.2 *
						Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
						Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
						Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Harju			Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Hunneberg			Ungurian	477.7
							Varangu				481.3 *
							Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Pakerort	Batyrbaian			485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
						Toyonian		510 *
						Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Botomian		514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian		521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
													538.8