PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian of China	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene		0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian							Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian							Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian							Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
				Hemingfordian									16.3
				Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
				Whitneyan									29.5
				Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian							Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean							Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean							Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian							Early Eocene		47.8
				Wasatchian									50.5
				Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian							Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian							Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian							Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian							Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian		Puercan							Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						Late Albian				100.5
									Middle Albian				106.2 *
									Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Late Aptian				113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian				139.8
									Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
									Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Melekhovian		Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian		264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian				264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Luodianian		273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
		Artinskian							283.5
							Longlinian		285.4 *
					Rusavkinian				287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian		303.7
					Khamovnikian		304.8
					Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Myachkovian		307
					Podolskian		308.9 *
					Kashirian		311.4 *
					Vereian		313.8
					Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
					Cheremshanian		316.9 *
					Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
													538.8