PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian Subages	Ordovician of China		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean													0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian										Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian										Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan										Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
				Hemingfordian										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
				Arikareean										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														23.03
															Monroecreekian		23.1 *
															Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian													Geringian		27.82
				Whitneyan													29.5
				Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean													37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
				Wasatchian										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
				Clarkforkian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian												To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian												To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian		Puercan												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian										100.5
							Middle Albian										106.2 *
							Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian										139.8
							Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
							Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
					Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan	150
					Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan	152.2 *
					Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				174.7
					Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian			Oretian	227
					Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
					Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian				237
					Longobardian			Etalian	238
					Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
					Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian				247.2
					Smithian				248.9 *
					Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Dienerian				251.2
					Griesbachian				251.4 *
					Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		254.14				Waiitian
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
								Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
								Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian				Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian				372.2
						Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
						Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian				382.7
						Middle Givetian				383.7 *
						Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian				410.8
						Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
																	538.8