PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Australia	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian	7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian									Pannonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian									Sarmatian	11.63
				Barstovian									Sarmatian	12.5
													Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
				Hemingfordian										16.3
				Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
				Whitneyan										29.5
				Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian										47.8
				Wasatchian										50.5
				Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian		Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Late Albian								100.5
						Middle Albian								106.2 *
						Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian								139.8
						Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
						Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
					Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
					Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Late Toarcian				180.1
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
					Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian			Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian				237
		Ladinian			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Vokhmian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian							Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan							Dienerian	251.2
		Induan							Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	Early Pennsylvanian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Bolindian	443.8
		Katian									Bolindian	445.2
											Eastonian	449 *
						Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Gisbornian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Yapeenian					467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian					470
						Bendigonian					471.8 *
						Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Datsonian			485.4
		Stage 10						Payntonian			486.8 *
		Jiangshanian						Iverian			489.5
		Paibian						Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian					Boomerangian	499
		Drumian					Undillan	500.5
		Drumian					Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan					Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian	509
		Stage 4						510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
														538.8