PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of North America			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean														0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean														0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean														0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean														0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian						Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian						Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan						Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
				Hemingfordian						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
				Arikareean						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
											Monroecreekian							23.1 *
											Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan			Geringian							27.82
				Whitneyan														29.5
				Orellan														31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan										37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan						Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian					Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
				Wasatchian						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
				Clarkforkian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian				Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian				Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian								To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian								To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian		Puercan								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian						168.2
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian						168.4
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian						174.7
					Planulata								179.3 *
													Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
					Kanense									181.3 *
					Carlottense									182.3 *
					Carlottense		Early Toarcian							182.9 *
					Kunae		Early Toarcian							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
					Freboldi									185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi									Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
														Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras									Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras								Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian									Sevatian		208.5
											Alaunian		213.2 *
											Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3								Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3								Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2								Longobardian		237
		Ladinian									Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian		242
											Pelsonian		243.8 *
											Bithynian		244.7 *
										Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian							Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan						Dienerian	251.2
		Induan						Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian					300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian					303.7
		Kasimovian		Dalaun					305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian							315.2
				Huashibanian					318.5 *
				Lousuan					321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Dewunian					323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Shangsian					330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Shangsian					330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Jiusian					335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Cincinnatian			Gamachian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
									Richmondian	Chientangkiangian			446 *
									Richmondian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
									Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
									Edenian						450.4 *
						Mohawkian			Chatfieldian						451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Chatfieldian						453
									Turinian						453.7 *
						Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			Darriwilian	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Dapingian	467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian	Dapingian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian			Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	Yiyangian		470
		Floian							Tulean			Yiyangian		473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Xinchangian		477.7
							Lianghekou †							477.9 *
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian		Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Skullrockian					485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4											497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
																		538.8