PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of Western Europe	Devonian Subages	Ordovician of the Baltic	European Faunal Units	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian												MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Villanyian	MN 16	2.58
													Ruscinian	MN 16	3.1 *
														MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean												MN 15	3.6
														MN 14	4.2
				Hemphillian										MN 14	4.7
														MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian												MN 12	7.246
														MN 11	7.75
													Vallesian	MN 10	8.7
				Clarendonian										MN 10	9.4
														MN 9	9.7
														MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										Astaracian		11.63
				Barstovian											12.5
														MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian												MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian											Orleanian	MN 4	15.98
				Hemingfordian										MN 4	16.3
				Hemingfordian										MN 3	16.9
				Arikareean										MN 3	18.5
													Agenian	MN 2	20
		Aquitanian												MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian												MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
				Whitneyan											29.5
				Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian											47.8
				Wasatchian											50.5
				Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian		Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Melekhovian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Buntsandstein	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Ohre/Aller	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian							Leine		264.28
		Wordian						Noginskian	Leine		264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian		Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian			303.7
								Khamovnikian			304.8
								Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Myachkovian			307
								Podolskian			308.9 *
								Kashirian			311.4 *
								Vereian			313.8
								Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian						Melekessian			315.2
				Cheremshanian				316.9 *
				Prikamian				318.6 *
				Severokeltmian				319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
				Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian				323.2
				Protvian				324.4 *
				Steshevian				326.8 *
				Tarusian				329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian				330.9
				Mikhailovian				331.9 *
				Aleksinian				333.7 *
				Tulian				335.8 *
				Bobrikian				339.9 *
				Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian				346.7
				Kizelian				350.7 *
				Cherepetian				351.9 *
				Karakubian				354.4 *
				Upinian				356.3 *
				Malevkian				357.6 *
				Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian			358.9
								Middle Famennian			365.3 *
								Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian			372.2
								Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
								Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian			382.7
								Middle Givetian			383.7 *
								Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Pakerort			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							St Davids		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
															538.8