PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene		Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan		MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †			Late Pliocene		Mangapanian		MN 16	2.58
												Waipipian		MN 16	3
														MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene					3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
														MN 14	4.2
														MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian												MN 12	7.246
														MN 11	7.75
														MN 10	8.7
														MN 9	9.7
											Southland	Waiauan		MN 9	11.04
														MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							Middle Miocene				MN 7 + 8	11.63
														MN 6	12.8 *
												Lillburnian		MN 6	13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian		MN 5	13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene				MN 4	15.98
														MN 3	16.9
												Otaian		MN 3	18.7
														MN 2	20
		Aquitanian													20.44
											Landon	Waitakian			21.7
														MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene					23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene					33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene		Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Bortonian			41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian			Bumbanian					Early Eocene		Heretaungan			47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Gashatan						Late Paleocene		Teurian			56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
												Mangaotanean			90.5
												Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			93.9						Arowhanan
						Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4					Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai		Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4						168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3						174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4						208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2								330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1										407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Ungurian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian			485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian			489.5
				Aksaian			490.7 *
				Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian		Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †		505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
				Toyonian				510 *
				Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian				514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian				521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
															538.8