PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian of Germany	Permian of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of North America						Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																	0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian																Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian																Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian																Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Late Pliocene	Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian																Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian																Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian																Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian																Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian													Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian													Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian														Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan														Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2		Bumbanian													Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Gashatan														Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian																Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian																Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																	83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan											150
									Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan											176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Ururoan											184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Aratauran											188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1																	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian							Warepan											208.5
									Otamitan											217
									Oretian											221
		Carnian	Triassic 3						Oretian											227
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Gore	Kaihikuan											227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						Kaihikuan											237
		Ladinian							Etalian											238
		Anisian							Etalian											242
		Anisian							Malakovian											246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						Malakovian											247.2
		Olenekian							Nelsonian											249
		Induan				251.2			Nelsonian
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
							Waiitian			253.2
									Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
							Puruhauan				254.2
								Kalabagh			255 *
								Wargal			256 *
									Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian					264.28
											265.3 *
									Barettian		266
								Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3					Amb			266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Luodianian					273.01
		Kungurian							Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian			283.5				Mangapirian
				Telfordian	285
				Telfordian	Longlinian	285.4 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Late Famennian		358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf		Late Frasnian		372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian		Late Givetian		382.7
									Middle Givetian		383.7 *
									Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian					Eifelian		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian					Eifelian		Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian		Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian		Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Siegen		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine		Late Lochkovian		410.8
									Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	445.2
												Richmondian	446 *
												Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian		450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Chatfieldian		453
												Turinian		453.7 *
											Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3												458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2												467.3
		Dapingian										Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian										Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Tulean				477.7
												Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian		Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Skullrockian					Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4												Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Stage 5 †									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Early Cambrian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1														529
																				538.8