PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian	Lujanian		Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene										0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean	Vorohuean		Late Pliocene					Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene										2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene										3.6
					Montehermosan												3.7 *
				Baodean	Huayquerian												4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
					Chasicoan												7.9 *
					Mayoan												9.9 *
					Laventan												10.9 *
				Tunggurian													11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene										11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian		Shanwangian	Colloncuran												13.82
		Langhian			Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian		Early Miocene										15.98
					Santacrucian												16.2 *
				Xiejiaan	Santacrucian												16.9
					Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian												20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Tinguirirican		Late Eocene										33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan		Late Eocene										35.9 *
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan												41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan		Early Eocene										47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran		Early Eocene										47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Riochican		Late Paleocene										56
					Itaboraian												56.9 *
					Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan		Early Paleocene										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4														100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2														125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
															Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4						168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian						Warepan	208.5
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian						Etalian	238
		Anisian						Etalian	242
		Anisian						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan						Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian							Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian					266
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Kosovian		443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian			Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
					Dobrotivian						458.5 *
					Oretanian						459.7 *
							Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian	Niuchehean		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
		Paibian											Paibian		494
		Paibian											Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Series 3 †	St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †								Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									Caerfai		Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1											Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1											Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8