PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of North America	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean									Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
					Hemphillian										4.7
				Baodean											4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
					Clarendonian										9.4
				Tunggurian											11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian		Shanwangian											13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian										16.3
				Xiejiaan	Hemingfordian										16.9
					Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian										47.8
					Wasatchian										50.5
					Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian			Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan			150
												Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			254.2	Longtanian †
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Wordian			Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Wordian			Barettian		266
		Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
							Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
							Telfordian			285
				Wolfcampian			Telfordian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †					Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †							303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Late Famennian		358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4						Late Frasnian		372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Late Givetian		382.7
									Middle Givetian		383.7 *
									Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1						Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian		410.8
									Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5								445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Stage 5 †						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Caerfai						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
															538.8