PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian															0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean															2.58
		Zanclean		Yushean															3.6
		Zanclean		Baodean															4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian		Tunggurian															11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Tunggurian															11.63
		Langhian		Shanwangian															13.82
		Burdigalian		Shanwangian															15.98
		Burdigalian		Xiejiaan															16.9
		Aquitanian		Xiejiaan															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3																37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1																56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Late Albian													100.5
						Middle Albian													106.2 *
						Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian													139.8
						Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
						Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian													174.7
						Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
						Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4																201.4
		Norian				Sevatian													208.5
						Alaunian													213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
					Griesbachian	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru		254.14
				Kalabagh		255 *
				Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
				Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
										Ohesaare		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
										Kaugetuma		Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas			Rootsikula		427.4
							Wych			Rootsikula	Woolhope	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							Jaani		433.4
										Adavere		434 *
												436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
							Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian								Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5									Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian											Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
													Cheneyan		451.5 *
													Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4												453
														Actonian †	453.2 *
														Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †		455.2 *
													Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
													Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig							Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Fennian	470
												Whitlandian	471.1 *
												Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Ungurian							Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
												Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
																485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		489.5
				Aksaian	490.7 *
				Sakian	492.2 *
					Steptoean												493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian	Marjumian											Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian															499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian													500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian													503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian	Topazan												504.5
					Topazan												505.3
					Delamaran												506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †								509
				Toyonian												510 *
				Toyonian	Dyeran											511 *
				Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2													514
					Montezuman	514.8 *
				Atdabanian	Montezuman	515.6 *
				Atdabanian	Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2				525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																			538.8