PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian											0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean									Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean		Yushean											3.6
		Zanclean		Baodean											4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian		Tunggurian											11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Tunggurian											11.63
		Langhian		Shanwangian											13.82
		Burdigalian		Shanwangian											15.98
		Burdigalian		Xiejiaan											16.9
		Aquitanian		Xiejiaan											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3												37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1												56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						Late Albian						100.5
									Middle Albian						106.2 *
									Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian						139.8
									Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
									Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian						174.7
									Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
									Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian							Sevatian						208.5
									Alaunian						213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian			259.51
		Wordian			Midian			264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9	Murgabian
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †				298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian		489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian									Paibian		494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian									Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian	Drumian			500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian	Drumian			503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Tuesaian		Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian			505.3		Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian						509
						Toyonian							510 *
						Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Botomian	Nangaoian						514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian	Nangaoian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian	Meishucunian						521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Jinnigian						530.7
															538.8