PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Tarantian	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian		Ionian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian		Ionian	Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene	Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene	Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene						15.98
						Hemingfordian					16.3
						Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene						27.82
						Whitneyan					29.5
						Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene	Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene	Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	Bridgerian					47.8
						Wasatchian					50.5
						Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Buntsandstein			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian		Leine			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
											538.8