PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of France	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian	Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene						7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene						11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene						13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene						15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4		Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3		Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2		Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian				100.5
							Middle Albian				106.2 *
							Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian				113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian				139.8
							Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
							Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian				174.7
							Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
							Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian					Sevatian				208.5
							Alaunian				213.2 *
							Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
											538.8