PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian			Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian			Sheridanian							0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
													Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
													Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian	3
		Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
													Opoitian	3.7
							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian									Pannonian			7.246
							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
												Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Sarmatian			11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Sarmatian			12.5
											Badenian			12.8 *
											Badenian		Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
													Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
								Monroecreekian						23.1 *
								Geringian						24.7 *
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
														37
		Bartonian												37.71
													Bortonian	39.1
							Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan	50.5
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan	52
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian	56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata			Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara			Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
				Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Arowhanan					93.9
				Clarence		Ngaterian			95.2
						Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan			100.5
						Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai		Korangan			108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4						168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3						174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4						208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian						Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Chesterian			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9	Chesterian
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian			358.9
								Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4		Late Frasnian			372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		Gleedonian		427.4
				Jaagarahu		Gleedonian		429.2 *
						Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian		Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
														538.8