PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian												0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian												0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian					174.7
											Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
											Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian									Sevatian					208.5
											Alaunian					213.2 *
											Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3								Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3								Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian			259.51
		Wordian						264.28
				Noginskian				264.9 *
					Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Kubergandian			273.01
				Pavlovoposadian	Kubergandian			276.8 *
					Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian			283.5
					Yakhtashian			286
				Rusavkinian	Yakhtashian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian						303.7
				Khamovnikian						304.8
				Khamovnikian					Cantabrian	305 *
				Krevyakinian						305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian						307
				Myachkovian				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Podolskian					Westphalian D	308.9 *
				Podolskian					Westphalian C	309.8
				Kashirian						311.4 *
				Vereian						313.8
				Vereian					Westphalian B	314.6
				Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian						315.2
				Cheremshanian						316.9 *
				Cheremshanian					Westphalian A	317 *
				Prikamian					Westphalian A	318.6 *
				Prikamian				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Severokeltmian					Yeadonian	319.9 *
				Severokeltmian					Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian					Marsdenian	321.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Voznesenian					Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian					Chokierian	323.2
				Zapaltjubian					Arnsbergian	324 *
				Protvian						324.4 *
				Steshevian						326.8 *
				Steshevian					Pendleian	327.4 *
				Tarusian					Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Mikhailovian						331.9 *
				Aleksinian						333.7 *
				Tulian						335.8 *
				Tulian				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Bobrikian				Livian	Asbian †	339.9 *
				Bobrikian				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Radaevkian				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian				Ivorian		346.7
				Kizelian						350.7 *
				Cherepetian						351.9 *
				Cherepetian				Hastarian		353.7 *
				Karakubian						354.4 *
				Upinian						356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian		410.8
					Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Batyrbaian		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian		Jiangshanian		489.5
								Aksaian				490.7 *
								Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian								Paibian		494
		Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Ayusokkanian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian								Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian		Drumian			500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian		Drumian			503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Tuesaian		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian				509
								Toyonian						510 *
								Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Botomian		Nangaoian				514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian		Nangaoian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian		Meishucunian				521
		Stage 2												525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1							Jinnigian				530.7
																538.8