PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian												0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian												0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2						Bumbanian							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Gashatan								56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras								Late Bajocian			168.2
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Late Bajocian			168.4
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								Late Toarcian			174.7
					Planulata											179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
													Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
					Kanense											181.3 *
					Carlottense											182.3 *
					Carlottense								Early Toarcian			182.9 *
					Kunae								Early Toarcian			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
					Freboldi											185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras										186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian			208.5
							Alaunian			213.2 *
							Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian			237
		Ladinian					Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian			242
							Pelsonian			243.8 *
							Bithynian			244.7 *
							Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian			251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes		Midian		259.51
		Wordian							Midian		264.28
		Wordian							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					Autunian		Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2								330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Late Famennian	358.9
											Middle Famennian	365.3 *
											Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4								Late Frasnian	372.2
											Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
											Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								Late Givetian	382.7
											Middle Givetian	383.7 *
											Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian									Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian									Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2								Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1								Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian									Late Lochkovian	410.8
											Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
											Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian										Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1										433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		Paibian		494
		Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †							497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	Drumian	Wangcunian †								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Duyunian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Nangaoian									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Jinnigian									530.7
																538.8