PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Units	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian												3.1 *
		Zanclean		Ruscinian												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian												5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian												7.246
		Tortonian		Vallesian												8.7
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Astaracian												11.63
		Langhian		Astaracian												13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian												15.98
		Burdigalian		Agenian												20
		Aquitanian		Agenian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian					174.7
											Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
											Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian									Sevatian					208.5
											Alaunian					213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian			259.51
		Wordian			Midian			264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9	Murgabian
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian	Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †	Kuzel				298.9
					Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
										305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
					Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4							Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian								Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian								Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian								Late Lochkovian	410.8
										Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
										Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Batyrbaian	Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian						489.5
						Aksaian							490.7 *
						Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian					Paibian						494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian	Drumian						500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian	Drumian						503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian							509
				Toyonian									510 *
				Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian		Nangaoian							514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian		Nangaoian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian							530.7
																538.8