PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Cambrian of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
									Hemphillian				4.7
												Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
									Clarendonian				9.4
												Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian										Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
									Hemingfordian				16.3
									Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan	16.9
									Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
									Whitneyan				29.5
									Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian				47.8
									Wasatchian				50.5
									Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian							Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	146.3 *						Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian			264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian			283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian			303.7
				Khamovnikian			304.8
				Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian			307
				Podolskian			308.9 *
				Kashirian			311.4 *
				Vereian			313.8
				Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian			315.2
				Cheremshanian			316.9 *
				Prikamian			318.6 *
				Severokeltmian			319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
				Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian			323.2
				Protvian			324.4 *
				Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian			330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Tulian			335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Bolindian		443.8
		Katian				Bolindian		445.2
						Eastonian		449 *
						Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian		470
						Bendigonian		471.8 *
						Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Late Cambrian		Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10						Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian						Iverian		489.5
		Paibian						Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Middle Cambrian		Mindyallan		497
		Guzhangian						Boomerangian		499
		Drumian						Undillan		500.5
		Drumian						Floran		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan						Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian		Ordian		509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
													538.8