PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian		Sheridanian							Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian					Sheridanian							Ionian	0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
					Ensenadan										0.3 *
													Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
													Nukumaruan		1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian													1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean										2.58
					Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
													Waipipian		3
		Zanclean											Waipipian		3.6
					Montehermosan								Opoitian		3.7 *
					Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
					Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian									Pannonian				7.246
					Chasicoan										7.9 *
					Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
					Mayoan										9.9 *
					Laventan										10.9 *
												Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Sarmatian				11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Sarmatian				12.5
											Badenian				12.8 *
													Lillburnian		13.05
					Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian													13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
					Friasian								Clifdenian		15.4 *
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Santacrucian										16.2 *
					Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
					Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								17.4 *
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
													Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian													20.44
					Deseadan										20.9 *
												Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
								Monroecreekian							23.1 *
								Geringian							24.7 *
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
					Tinguirirican										28.9 *
															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
					Divisaderan								Runangan		35.9 *
													Kaiatan		36.7
															37
		Bartonian													37.71
													Bortonian		39.1
							Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
				Mustersan	41.9 *
					Dannevirke				Porangan	42.6
									Heretaungan	45.7
							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian								47.8
				Casamayoran						47.9 *
									Mangaorapan	48.9
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Mangaorapan	50.5
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Waipawan	52
									Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican					Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
				Riochican						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
				Itaboraian								56.9 *
				Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian								61.6
				Tiupampan						62.4 *
				Tiupampan		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata			Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara			Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence			Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai			Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4							208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian						Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Late Famennian				358.9
							Middle Famennian				365.3 *
							Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian				372.2
							Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
							Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian				382.7
							Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		Gleedonian				427.4
					Jaagarahu		Gleedonian		429.2 *
							Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani				433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
															538.8