PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Chadronian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian										Bumbanian	47.8
					Wasatchian											50.5
					Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian									Gashatan		56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian									Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian			Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan									150
							Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
		Bajocian											Epizigzagiceras			168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Planulata				179.3 *
				Planulata				Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense					181.3 *
				Carlottense					182.3 *
				Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae					184.2
				Freboldi					185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Aratauran				188.9
											189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras			196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour		Otapirian					201.4
		Norian				Warepan					208.5
						Otamitan					217
						Oretian					221
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Oretian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore		Kaihikuan					227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Kaihikuan					237
		Ladinian				Etalian					238
		Anisian				Etalian					242
		Anisian				Malakovian					246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Malakovian					247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian					249
		Induan				Nelsonian					251.2
		Induan		DUrville		Makarewan					251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Makarewan					251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan					254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian					259.51
		Wordian				Flettian					264.28
		Wordian				Barettian					266
		Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian			283.5	Mangapirian
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Late Famennian				358.9
						Middle Famennian				365.3 *
						Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian				372.2
						Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
						Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian				382.7
						Middle Givetian				383.7 *
						Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian				410.8
						Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian						Paibian			494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					Drumian		Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Jinnigian			530.7
																538.8