PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Cambrian of Siberia			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean				0.129
									Irvingtonian				0.21
										Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
									Blancan				1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean								Chapadmalalan			3.6
										Montehermosan			3.7 *
									Hemphillian	Montehermosan			4.7
										Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
										Chasicoan			7.9 *
									Clarendonian	Chasicoan			9.4
										Mayoan			9.9 *
										Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
									Barstovian				12.5
										Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian								Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Friasian			15.98
										Santacrucian			16.2 *
									Hemingfordian	Santacrucian			16.3
									Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
									Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
									Whitneyan				29.5
									Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Chadronian				33.9
									Chadronian	Divisaderan			35.9 *
									Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
										Mustersan			41.9 *
									Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
										Casamayoran			47.9 *
									Wasatchian				50.5
									Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian	Riochican			56
									Tiffanian	Riochican			56.2
										Itaboraian			56.9 *
										Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian											61.6
										Tiupampan			62.4 *
									Puercan	Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian	Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian		303.7
				Khamovnikian		304.8
				Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian		307
				Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian		311.4 *
				Vereian		313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Prikamian		318.6 *
				Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian		323.2
				Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian		330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
				Tulian		335.8 *
				Bobrikian		339.9 *
				Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian		346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Late Famennian			358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4	Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian		470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian		477.7
							Lianghekou †		477.9 *
							Lianghekou †		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian							489.5
					Aksaian							490.7 *
					Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan							509
					Toyonian		Lenian †					510 *
					Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Botomian							514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian							521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1		Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †					529
													538.8