PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean			Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean										Late Pleistocene			0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
						Irvingtonian													0.21
										Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene			0.774
						Blancan													1.4
										Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian						Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian						Late Pliocene			3
		Zanclean								Waipipian						Early Pliocene			3.6
										Opoitian									3.7
						Hemphillian				Opoitian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean						Late Miocene			5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
						Clarendonian													9.4
									Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													Middle Miocene			11.63
						Barstovian													12.5
										Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian									13.82
										Clifdenian									15.1
									Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene			15.98
						Hemingfordian													16.3
						Arikareean													18.5
										Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4							Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
										Duntroonian									25.2
										Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
						Whitneyan													29.5
						Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Chadronian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
									Arnold	Runangan									34.6
										Kaiatan									36.7
						Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	MP 16		37.71
										Bortonian									39.1
						Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
										Heretaungan									45.7
						Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian	Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
										Mangaorapan									48.9
						Wasatchian				Mangaorapan									50.5
						Wasatchian				Waipawan									52
						Clarkforkian				Waipawan									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Clarkforkian				Teurian				Gashatan		Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian								Gashatan		Late Paleocene	MP 6		56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian										Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian										Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian				Puercan										Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
						Mangaotanean			90.5
						Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan			93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
						Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan			100.5
						Urutawan			103.3
					Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Oteke				Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Oteke				Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia				Ohauan		150
									Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian									Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian										Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Herangi				Ururoan			Thouarsense	176
													180.1
											Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Aratauran		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		Balfour				Otapirian				201.4
		Norian							Warepan				208.5
									Otamitan				217
									Oretian				221
		Carnian	Triassic 3						Oretian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Gore				Kaihikuan				227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						Kaihikuan				237
		Ladinian							Etalian				238
		Anisian							Etalian				242
		Anisian							Malakovian				246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						Malakovian				247.2
		Olenekian							Nelsonian				249
		Induan							Nelsonian				251.2
		Induan			DUrville				Makarewan				251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Makarewan				Meishanian			251.902
									Waiitian				Meishanian			253.2
													Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian											Laoshanian			254.14
									Puruhauan				Laoshanian			254.2
									Puruhauan				Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima				Flettian				Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian							Flettian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian							Barettian					266
		Roadian	Permian 3											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2										Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian			Longlinian	285.4 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †			445.2
		Katian							Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											458.4
									Dobrotivian					458.5 *
									Oretanian					459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																			538.8