PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5														11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3														37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan										Late Kimmeridgian		150
					Ohauan										Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
					Heterian										Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian													Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian													Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian		174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan										Late Toarcian		176
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
		Norian			Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	Tuvalian	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
						Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian	237
					Etalian	Longobardian	238
						Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
					Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian	247.2
						Smithian	248.9 *
					Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
						Griesbachian	251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
					Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian			Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan				254.2
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
					Barettian				266
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian				276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian				283.5
					Telfordian				285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
									Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
									Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1								407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian		489.5
						Aksaian		490.7 *
						Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Ayusokkanian						Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian	499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Amgan/Solvan	Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan							Early Cambrian	509
						Toyonian		Lenian †						510 *
				Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian	514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																	538.8