PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of China	Devonian of Germany	Cambrian Epochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian															Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian															Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian															Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Late Pliocene	Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian															Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5														Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian															Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian															Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian															Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4														Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3														Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2														Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian															Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian															Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan														145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Oteke	Puaroan														149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan														150
					Heterian														154.5
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan														164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																165.3
		Bajocian													Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
		Bajocian														Humphresianum			168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3												Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan											Thouarsense			176
																			180.1
															Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2												Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran										Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1												Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1												Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian														201.4
		Norian			Warepan														208.5
					Otamitan														217
					Oretian														221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian														227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan														227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan														237
		Ladinian			Etalian														238
		Anisian			Etalian														242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	Wordian		264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	Wordian		266
		Roadian	Permian 3			Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
					Mangapirian			Cathedralian	276
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
					Telfordian				285
					Telfordian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Late Famennian	358.9
											Middle Famennian	365.3 *
											Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4							Adorf	Late Frasnian	372.2
											Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
											Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
											Middle Givetian	383.7 *
											Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian								Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian								Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2							Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Siegen	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
											Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
											Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5									Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian											Pirgu	445.2
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland					Kunda	462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
												Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian										Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
												Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Hunneberg			477.7
												Varangu			481.3 *
				Pakerort	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Pakerort								Late Cambrian	485.4
													486.3 *
							486.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																			538.8