PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Ordovician of China			North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian												Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian												Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian												Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														23.03
															Monroecreekian		23.1 *
															Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian													Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian															37
		Bartonian															37.71
		Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian														To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian														To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian														Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4					Late Albian									100.5
								Middle Albian									106.2 *
								Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian									113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian									139.8
								Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
								Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan			Late Kimmeridgian									150
					Ohauan			Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
					Heterian	154.5		Early Kimmeridgian
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian		176
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian			Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan			217
					Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	Tuvalian		227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian		237
					Etalian	Longobardian		238
						Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
					Malakovian	Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian		247.2
						Smithian		248.9 *
					Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
						Griesbachian		251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian			Wordian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian			Wordian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
					Mangapirian				Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
					Telfordian					285
					Telfordian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian			372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian			382.7
							Middle Givetian			383.7 *
							Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian			410.8
							Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																	538.8