PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of Western Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran														0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian														0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian														0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan														1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan	MN 17													1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian	MN 17													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	MN 16													2.58
					Waipipian	MN 16													3
						MN 15													3.2
		Zanclean																	3.6
					Opoitian														3.7
						MN 14													4.2
						MN 13													4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean														5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan														7.2
		Tortonian				MN 12													7.246
						MN 11													7.75
						MN 10													8.7
						MN 9													9.7
				Southland	Waiauan	MN 9													11.04
						MN 7 + 8													11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			MN 7 + 8													11.63
						MN 6													12.8 *
					Lillburnian	MN 6													13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian	MN 5													13.82
					Clifdenian														15.1
				Pareora	Altonian														15.9
		Burdigalian				MN 4													15.98
						MN 3													16.9
					Otaian	MN 3													18.7
						MN 2													20
		Aquitanian																	20.44
				Landon	Waitakian														21.7
						MN 1													22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
					Duntroonian														25.2
					Whaingaroan														27.3
		Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																33.9
				Arnold	Runangan														34.6
					Kaiatan														36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan														37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian														39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Bortonian														41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan														42.6
					Heretaungan														45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan														47.8
					Mangaorapan														48.9
					Waipawan														52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian														56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian		Lancian/Edmontonian												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian		Judithian/Aquilan												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan														83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan														86.1
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
					Mangaotanean														90.5
					Arowhanan														93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Korangan			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian							Warepan	208.5
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3						Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian							Etalian	238
		Anisian							Etalian	242
		Anisian							Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2			Malakovian
		Olenekian				Nelsonian			249
		Induan				Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan				DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian	Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Puruhauan	Zechstein	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian							Flettian	264.28
		Wordian							Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Kungurian							Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Autunian			Mangapirian	283.5
									Telfordian	285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7			Late Pennsylvanian
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian						Buildwas	427.4
				Gleedonian	Wych					Woolhope	428.4 *
				Whitwellian							429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
											Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			Kralodvorian		449.5
														Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4													453
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
															Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
														Dobrotivian				458.5 *
														Oretanian				459.7 *
															Sarka †			461.7 *
												Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian									Dapingian			Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Yiyangian			Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Xinchangian			Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	Tremadocian				477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5															485.4
		Jiangshanian																489.5
		Paibian																494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4															497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4															500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3															504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3															509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2															514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1															529
																			538.8