PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Australia	Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene								Sheridanian			0.129
														Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
					Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene											0.774
														Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
					Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	Late Pliocene											2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian	Late Pliocene											3
		Zanclean			Waipipian	Early Pliocene											3.6
					Opoitian												3.7
					Opoitian									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene											5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
														Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
				Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene											11.63
														late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
					Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian												13.82
					Clifdenian												15.1
				Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene											15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
					Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene											23.03
															Monroecreekian		23.1 *
															Geringian		24.7 *
					Duntroonian												25.2
					Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene											27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
				Arnold	Runangan												34.6
					Kaiatan												36.7
																	37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene											37.71
					Bortonian												39.1
														Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
					Heretaungan												45.7
														Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene											47.8
					Mangaorapan												48.9
					Mangaorapan									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
					Waipawan									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
					Waipawan											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian	Late Paleocene										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene										To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene										To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan		Late Albian	100.5
					Urutawan		Late Albian	103.3
					Urutawan		Middle Albian	106.2 *
				Taitai	Korangan		Middle Albian	108.4
							Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian	113
							Late Aptian	117.5
							Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian	139.8
							Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
							Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
							Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
							Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Late Toarcian				180.1
							Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
							Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
							Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian					Sevatian				208.5
							Alaunian				213.2 *
							Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian				237
		Ladinian					Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian				242
							Pelsonian				243.8 *
							Bithynian				244.7 *
							Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian				251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Midian	259.51
		Wordian				264.28					Midian
		Wordian				Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			Murgabian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Kubergandian					273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian					283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian					286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †						298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †						303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2									330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Late Famennian							358.9
					Middle Famennian							365.3 *
					Early Famennian							368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4		Late Frasnian							372.2
					Middle Frasnian							375.4 *
					Early Frasnian							379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian							382.7
					Middle Givetian							383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Bolindian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian			Chientangkiangian					445.2
					Eastonian			Chientangkiangian					449 *
					Eastonian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
					Gisbornian							452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Gisbornian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Yapeenian			Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian			Dapingian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian			Yiyangian				470
					Bendigonian							471.8 *
					Lancefieldian							473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian				477.7
										Lianghekou †		477.9 *
					Warendian					Lianghekou †		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																	538.8