PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian of Britain		Silurian of England		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran										Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene										Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene									Rancholabrean			0.129
															Irvingtonian			0.21
																Ensenadan		0.3 *
					Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene												0.774
															Blancan			1.4
					Nukumaruan													1.63
																Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian																1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene										Vorohuean		2.58
																Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
					Waipipian													3
		Zanclean			Waipipian	Early Pliocene												3.6
					Opoitian											Montehermosan		3.7 *
															Hemphillian	Montehermosan		4.7
																Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene												5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																Chasicoan		7.9 *
															Clarendonian	Chasicoan		9.4
																Mayoan		9.9 *
																Laventan		10.9 *
				Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene												11.63
															Barstovian			12.5
					Lillburnian													13.05
																Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian																13.82
					Clifdenian													15.1
					Clifdenian											Friasian		15.4 *
				Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene												15.98
																Santacrucian		16.2 *
															Hemingfordian	Santacrucian		16.3
															Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
															Arikareean			18.5
					Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian																20.44
																Deseadan		20.9 *
				Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Waitakian	Late Oligocene												23.03
					Duntroonian													25.2
					Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene												27.82
																Tinguirirican		28.9 *
															Whitneyan			29.5
															Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene									Chadronian			33.9
				Arnold	Runangan													34.6
					Runangan											Divisaderan		35.9 *
					Kaiatan													36.7
															Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene												37.71
					Bortonian													39.1
															Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
							Mustersan	41.9 *
				Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
					Heretaungan			45.7
								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene			47.8
							Casamayoran		47.9 *
					Mangaorapan				48.9
					Mangaorapan			Wasatchian	50.5
					Waipawan			Wasatchian	52
					Waipawan			Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian	Late Paleocene	Riochican	Clarkforkian	56
							Riochican	Tiffanian	56.2
							Itaboraian		56.9 *
							Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene			61.6
							Tiupampan		62.4 *
							Tiupampan	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan				93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan				100.5
					Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Korangan				113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1						Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2									273.01
		Artinskian									Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5									303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2									330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3									Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2									Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1											407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine					419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton					421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood					423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas					427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope					428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1										433.4
		Telychian											436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian											Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang										449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian									Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	Yiyangian	470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian	Lianghekou †									477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan											485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian											489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian											489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian											493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	St Davids												497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Caerfai						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																		538.8