PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America						South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of France	Ordovician of China		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran																0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian		Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian										Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene							0.129
												Ensenadan									0.3 *
					Castlecliffian																0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian									Early Pleistocene							0.774
					Nukumaruan																1.63
												Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian																		MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian															MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean		Late Pliocene						MN 16	2.58
												Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
					Waipipian																3
																				MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene							3.6
					Opoitian							Montehermosan									3.7 *
												Montehermosan								MN 14	4.2
												Huayquerian								MN 13	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean									Late Miocene							5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan																7.2
		Tortonian																		MN 12	7.246
																				MN 11	7.75
												Chasicoan								MN 11	7.9 *
																				MN 10	8.7
																				MN 9	9.7
												Mayoan									9.9 *
												Laventan									10.9 *
				Southland	Waiauan																11.04
																				MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Middle Miocene						MN 7 + 8	11.63
																				MN 6	12.8 *
					Lillburnian																13.05
												Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian																		MN 5	13.82
					Clifdenian																15.1
					Clifdenian							Friasian									15.4 *
				Pareora	Altonian																15.9
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene						MN 4	15.98
												Santacrucian								MN 4	16.2 *
												Santacrucian								MN 3	16.9
												Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
					Otaian																18.7
																				MN 2	20
		Aquitanian																			20.44
												Deseadan									20.9 *
				Landon	Waitakian																21.7
																				MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											Late Oligocene							23.03
					Duntroonian																25.2
					Whaingaroan																27.3
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene							27.82
		Rupelian										Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Late Eocene							33.9
				Arnold	Runangan																34.6
					Runangan							Divisaderan									35.9 *
					Kaiatan																36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan									Middle Eocene							37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian																39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																		41.2
												Mustersan									41.9 *
				Dannevirke	Porangan																42.6
					Heretaungan																45.7
		Ypresian				Early Eocene	47.8
							Casamayoran	47.9 *
					Mangaorapan			48.9
					Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian	Riochican	Late Paleocene	56
						Itaboraian		56.9 *
						Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan	Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Korangan			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
								Planulata	179.3 *
								Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
								Kanense		181.3 *
								Carlottense		182.3 *
								Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Kunae		184.2
								Freboldi		185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1								247.2
		Induan									251.2
		Induan									Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								Kathwai	251.902
												252.4 *
											Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian									Chhidru	254.14
											Kalabagh	255 *
											Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
												265.3 *
											Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3								Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2									273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Southwoodian	Cazenovian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien						408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Cincinnatian								Gamachian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
												Richmondian	Chientangkiangian			446 *
												Richmondian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
												Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian					450.4 *
				Mohawkian								Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Chatfieldian					453
												Turinian					453.7 *
				Whiterockian												Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian										Rangerian	Dapingian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian								Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	Yiyangian	470
		Floian								Tulean		473.9 *						Yiyangian
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Xinchangian						477.7
								Lianghekou †	477.9 *
									Stairsian	480.3 *
									Skullrockian	Demingian †					482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Skullrockian							485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4													497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4													500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3													509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1													529
																					538.8