PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran								Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean					0.129
													Irvingtonian					0.21
					Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
													Blancan					1.4
					Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian													2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian													3
		Zanclean			Waipipian													3.6
					Opoitian													3.7
					Opoitian								Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
													Clarendonian					9.4
				Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															11.63
													Barstovian					12.5
					Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian													13.82
					Clifdenian													15.1
				Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
													Hemingfordian					16.3
													Arikareean					18.5
					Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Waitakian													23.03
					Duntroonian													25.2
					Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
													Whitneyan					29.5
													Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Chadronian					33.9
				Arnold	Runangan													34.6
					Kaiatan													36.7
													Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian																37.71
					Bortonian													39.1
													Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
					Heretaungan													45.7
													Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
					Mangaorapan													48.9
					Mangaorapan								Wasatchian					50.5
					Waipawan								Wasatchian					52
					Waipawan								Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian								Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian											Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian		Senonian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan		Gallic	100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Korangan			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
												Cantabrian	305 *
													305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4										307
										Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
												Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian										Westphalian B	315.2
												Westphalian A	317 *
										Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian						320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian						321.5 *
						Alportian						322 *
						Chokierian						323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Chokierian						323.2
						Arnsbergian						324 *
						Pendleian						327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Warnantian				Brigantian †		330.9
						Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Ashgill		Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan					Chientangkiangian			445.2
							Cautleyan								448.9 *
							Pusgillian								449.3 *
							Pusgillian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
					Caradoc		Streffordian								Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan									451.5 *
							Burrellian									452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4													453
															Actonian †	453.2 *
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian								Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								Guniu †/Hulo		461.3 *
														Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig		Fennian						Dapingian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian						Yiyangian				470
							Whitlandian										471.1 *
							Moridunian										474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc		Migneintian	Xinchangian	477.7
							Migneintian		Lianghekou †				477.9 *
							Cressagian						480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan								485.4
		Stage 10							Festiniogian								489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					St Davids			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
																		538.8