PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian		0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian								Ionian		0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian										0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian					Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian										3
		Zanclean			Waipipian										3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian										3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan										7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Waiauan										11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian										13.82
					Clifdenian										15.1
				Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian										15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Waitakian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
					Duntroonian										25.2
					Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
				Arnold	Runangan										34.6
					Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Bortonian										41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
					Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan				Bumbanian						47.8
					Mangaorapan										48.9
					Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian			Gashatan							56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
					Mangaotanean										90.5
					Arowhanan										93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
					Motuan										99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan	Late Albian									100.5
					Urutawan	Late Albian									103.3
					Urutawan	Middle Albian									106.2 *
				Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian									108.4
						Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian									113
						Late Aptian									117.5
						Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
						Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
						Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian					174.7
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian					237
		Ladinian				Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian					242
						Pelsonian					243.8 *
						Bithynian					244.7 *
						Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian					251.2
						Griesbachian					251.4 *
						Griesbachian					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								Kathwai	251.902
												252.4 *
									Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	Chhidru		254.14
									Kalabagh		255 *
									Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
									Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
				Ohesaare						Bringewood/Elton	421.3
				Kaugetuma						Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			Buildwas			427.4
				Rootsikula	Wych		Woolhope			428.4 *
				Jaagarahu						429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu						430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani						431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani						433.4
				Adavere						434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
					Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
				Raikkula						439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula						440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru						441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig				Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian	470
										Whitlandian	471.1 *
										Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc		Migneintian		477.7
						Tremadoc		Cressagian		480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
															538.8