PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene				0.129
										Irvingtonian					0.21
												Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene				0.774
										Blancan					1.4
												Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	Vorohuean		Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene	Chapadmalalan			3.6
												Montehermosan			3.7 *
										Hemphillian		Montehermosan			4.7
												Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
												Chasicoan			7.9 *
										Clarendonian		Chasicoan			9.4
												Mayoan			9.9 *
												Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Middle Miocene				11.63
										Barstovian					12.5
												Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian										Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	Friasian			15.98
												Santacrucian			16.2 *
										Hemingfordian		Santacrucian			16.3
										Hemingfordian		Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
										Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				27.82
												Tinguirirican			28.9 *
										Whitneyan					29.5
										Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3							Chadronian	Late Eocene				33.9
										Chadronian		Divisaderan			35.9 *
										Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean	Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
												Mustersan			41.9 *
										Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene				47.8
												Casamayoran			47.9 *
										Wasatchian					50.5
										Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	Riochican			56
										Tiffanian		Riochican			56.2
												Itaboraian			56.9 *
												Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene				61.6
												Tiupampan			62.4 *
										Puercan		Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian	100.5
				Middle Albian	106.2 *
				Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian		150
					Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
					Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian		176
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian			Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan			217
					Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	Tuvalian		227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian		237
					Etalian	Longobardian		238
						Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
					Malakovian	Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian		247.2
						Smithian		248.9 *
					Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
						Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Kathwai	DUrville	Griesbachian		Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Kathwai					251.902
									252.4 *
				Chhidru					252.9 *
								Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
								Puruhauan		254.2
				Kalabagh						255 *
				Wargal						256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima			Flettian		259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
								Barettian		266
				Amb						266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Amb						266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian		283.5
								Telfordian		285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3											509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
															538.8