PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene					Tarantian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				Tarantian						0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian				Ionian						0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene											2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene	Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene											15.98
					Hemingfordian										16.3
					Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene											27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene	Bridgerian										47.8
					Wasatchian										50.5
					Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene	Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan								150
							Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4												168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
							Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		254.14
							Puruhauan		254.2
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
							Barettian		266
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3					Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
				Ohesaare					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
				Kaugetuma					Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					Buildwas	427.4
				Rootsikula	Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
				Jaagarahu						429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu						430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani						431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani						433.4
				Adavere						434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
					Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
				Raikkula						439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula						440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru						441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian								Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
										Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
															538.8