PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Australia	Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian											Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene												2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene												15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene												23.03
														Monroecreekian		23.1 *
														Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene										Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene												37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene												37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene											To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene											To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian									100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian									113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian				157.9 *		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
					Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
					Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Late Toarcian				180.1
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
					Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian			Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian				237
		Ladinian			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian				251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Midian	259.51
		Wordian							Midian	264.28
		Wordian							Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian							Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †						298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †						303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4							Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian								Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian								Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian				410.8
						Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Bolindian		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian		Chientangkiangian			445.2
								Eastonian		Chientangkiangian			449 *
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang	Eastonian				449.5
								Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Yapeenian	Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian	Dapingian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	Yiyangian				470
							Bendigonian					471.8 *
							Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian				477.7
											Lianghekou †	477.9 *
							Warendian				Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
																538.8