PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of the Salt Range	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene										Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene										Ionian		0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene						Castlecliffian				Ionian		0.34
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene						Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan					MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian					MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						Mangapanian					MN 16	2.58
										Waipipian					MN 16	3
															MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene												3.6
										Opoitian						3.7
															MN 14	4.2
															MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene					Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian													MN 12	7.246
															MN 11	7.75
															MN 10	8.7
															MN 9	9.7
									Southland	Waiauan					MN 9	11.04
															MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene											MN 7 + 8	11.63
															MN 6	12.8 *
										Lillburnian					MN 6	13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian					MN 5	13.82
										Clifdenian						15.1
									Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene											MN 4	15.98
															MN 3	16.9
										Otaian					MN 3	18.7
															MN 2	20
		Aquitanian														20.44
									Landon	Waitakian						21.7
															MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene												23.03
										Duntroonian						25.2
										Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene												33.9
									Arnold	Runangan						34.6
										Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene						Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2							Bortonian						41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
										Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian		Early Eocene						Heretaungan						47.8
										Mangaorapan						48.9
										Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene						Teurian						56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
										Mangaotanean						90.5
										Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		93.9					Arowhanan
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan	150
								Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4						168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian						Warepan	208.5
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian						Etalian	238
		Anisian						Etalian	242
		Anisian						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan						Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Kathwai			251.902
										252.4 *
							Chhidru			252.9 *
									Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian							Waiitian	254.14
									Puruhauan	254.2
							Kalabagh			255 *
							Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
									Barettian	266
							Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				Amb			266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																538.8