PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian							Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene						Sheridanian							Ionian	0.129
										Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
																Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene														0.774
										Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
																Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian														Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene												Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene												Waipipian		3
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene												Waipipian		3.6
																Opoitian		3.7
										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												Pannonian				7.246
										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
															Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene										Sarmatian				11.63
										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Sarmatian				12.5
														Badenian				12.8 *
														Badenian		Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian														Lillburnian		13.82
																Clifdenian		15.1
															Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene														15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
																Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian														Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian													Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene														23.03
											Monroecreekian							23.1 *
											Geringian							24.7 *
																Duntroonian		25.2
																Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene														27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
															Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																Kaiatan		36.7
																		37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene														37.71
																Bortonian		39.1
										Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																Heretaungan		45.7
										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene														47.8
																Mangaorapan		48.9
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan		50.5
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan		52
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian		56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene								To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2								330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4							Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian			Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula					Gleedonian	427.4
					Jaagarahu		429.2 *			Gleedonian
							Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani					433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Harju	Porkuni					443.8
		Katian				Pirgu					445.2
						Vormsi					449.6 *
						Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere						450.6 *
						Oandu						452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Keila					Idavere †	453
						Haljala						453.9
						Kukruse						456.4 *
						Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Uhaku						458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
						Kunda					Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Volkhov							467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg							473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Hunneberg							477.7
						Varangu							481.3 *
						Pakerort							482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Pakerort			485.4
									486.3 *
									486.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																		538.8