PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene			Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene			Vorohuean		Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene			Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene			Chapadmalalan					3.6
							Montehermosan					3.7 *
							Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
							Chasicoan					7.9 *
							Mayoan					9.9 *
							Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene			Laventan					11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian					Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene			Friasian					15.98
							Santacrucian					16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene								27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene			Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene			Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian		Early Eocene			Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian		Early Eocene			Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene			Riochican					56
							Itaboraian					56.9 *
							Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene			Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4									168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3									174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian			259.51
		Wordian			Midian			264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian			Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian						477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian					Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
												538.8