PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6				Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					Tarantian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				Tarantian						0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian				Ionian						0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene											2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene	Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene											15.98
							Hemingfordian										16.3
							Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene											27.82
							Whitneyan										29.5
							Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene	Bridgerian										47.8
							Wasatchian										50.5
							Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene	Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4														100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2														125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan								150
									Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4														165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4														168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan			176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan			184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian			Warepan			208.5
					Otamitan			217
					Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan			237
		Ladinian			Etalian			238
		Anisian			Etalian			242
		Anisian			Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian			247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian			249
		Induan			Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
					Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian				254.14
					Puruhauan				254.2
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
					Barettian				266
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3					Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian				276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian				283.5
					Telfordian				285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
						Ohesaare			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
						Kaugetuma			Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula			Buildwas	427.4
						Rootsikula	Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
						Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Jaani				433.4
						Adavere				434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
							Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
						Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian								Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
										Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10												Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian		494										Maentwrogian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	St Davids							Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Caerfai							Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
																	538.8