PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Britain		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian													Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian													Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian													Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian													Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean													Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
															Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
															late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
																Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian														Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian																37
		Bartonian																37.71
		Bartonian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
															Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian															To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian															To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian															Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Senonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Gallic		Late Albian					100.5
													Middle Albian					106.2 *
													Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Neocomian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian					139.8
													Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
													Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian			157.9 *									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Harju	Porkuni	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
									Pirgu	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
									Vormsi				449.6 *
									Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
					Viru			Rakvere	450.6 *
								Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Keila	Idavere †				453
								Haljala					453.9
								Kukruse					456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †				457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Uhaku		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
								Lasnamagi					458.9 *
								Aseri					460.4 *
					Oeland			Kunda					462.9 *
									Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
											Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
								Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Volkhov		Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen		Dapingian				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian				470
									Latorp †					470.1 *
								Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian				477.7
												Lianghekou †		477.9 *
								Varangu						481.3 *
								Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Pakerort	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
										Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian					489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	St Davids						497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian					498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Caerfai						Branchian					509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Branchian					514
		Stage 3								Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																		538.8