PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5														11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3														37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									Late Albian					100.5
												Middle Albian					106.2 *
												Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian					139.8
												Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
												Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian					174.7
												Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
												Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4														201.4
		Norian										Sevatian					208.5
												Alaunian					213.2 *
												Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3									Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3									Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian			259.51
		Wordian		Midian			264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †			Kuzel		298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
										305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4							Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian								Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian								Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian								Late Lochkovian	410.8
										Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
										Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan						Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian							Niuchehean		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian		489.5
												Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian			492.2 *
						Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian						Paibian					494
		Paibian						Paibian					Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		St Davids			Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian										Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian				Drumian			500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian				503				Drumian
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian				Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †		505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai			Duyunian							509
				Toyonian											510 *
				Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian				Nangaoian							514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian				Nangaoian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian				Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2													525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Jinnigian							530.7
																	538.8