PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Units	Mesozoic Subages	Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian				Mangapanian			2.58
									Villanyian				Waipipian			3
									Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian			Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
									Vallesian							8.7
									Vallesian			Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Astaracian				Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian			13.82
													Clifdenian			15.1
												Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian							Orleanian				Altonian			15.98
									Orleanian				Otaian			18.7
									Agenian							20
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
													Duntroonian			25.2
													Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
												Arnold	Runangan			34.6
													Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Bortonian			41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
													Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan		Bumbanian	47.8
													Mangaorapan			48.9
													Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
													Mangaotanean			90.5
													Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
													Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Late Albian			Motuan			100.5
										Late Albian			Urutawan			103.3
										Middle Albian			Urutawan			106.2 *
										Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan			108.4
										Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian	113
				Late Aptian		117.5
				Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian		139.8
				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
							Alexandrian		438.7 *
					Medinan			Clinton	440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian				Ungurian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian		Lianghekou †		Ungurian		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Batyrbaian		Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian			489.5
									Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian							Sakian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Ayusokkanian		Middle Cambrian	497
									Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
													499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Tuesaian				504.5
		Wuliuan											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	Early Cambrian	509
									Toyonian				510 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Botomian				514
									Atdabanian				515.6 *
									Atdabanian		Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian				521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																538.8