PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																				2.58
		Zanclean																				3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian																				15.98
														Hemingfordian								16.3
														Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																			23.03
		Rupelian																				27.82
														Whitneyan								29.5
														Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian								47.8
														Wasatchian								50.5
														Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1											Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian												Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														Senonian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																			83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4														Gallic					100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																			113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2														Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																			132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																			145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																			149.2
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																			165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																			168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3																			174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2																			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Kosovian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan			Chientangkiangian	445.2
											Cautleyan				448.9 *
											Pusgillian				449.3 *
											Pusgillian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		449.5
									Caradoc		Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
								Berounian			Streffordian					449.7 *
											Cheneyan					451.5 *
											Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4													453
															Actonian †	453.2 *
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
																	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Aurelucian								456.8 *
															Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Liben †					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
								Dobrotivian											458.5 *
								Oretanian											459.7 *
											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
										Sarka †									461.7 *
										Sarka †				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †			Dapingian						467.3
								Arenigian											468
									Arenig		Fennian								468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian		Yiyangian						470
											Whitlandian								471.1 *
											Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian		Xinchangian						477.7
											Migneintian				Lianghekou †				477.9 *
											Cressagian								480.8 *
																			485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan						485.4
		Stage 10												Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Festiniogian						489.5
		Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										St Davids							497
		Guzhangian																		Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Branchian	Caerfai	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Branchian		514
		Stage 3		Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																						538.8