PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of England	Ordovician of China			Devonian of France	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian															MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian															MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean															MN 15	3.6
																	MN 14	4.2
																	MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian															MN 12	7.246
																	MN 11	7.75
																	MN 10	8.7
																	MN 9	9.7
																	MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5														MN 7 + 8	11.63
		Serravallian															MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian															MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian															MN 4	15.98
																	MN 3	16.9
																	MN 2	20
		Aquitanian															MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian															MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3															33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3															37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1															56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian													100.5
					Middle Albian													106.2 *
					Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian													139.8
					Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
					Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian													174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian		Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	Vokhmian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Kralodvorian		449.5
											Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
									Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian				Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Xinchangian				Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5												Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian													Batyrbaian	489.5
															Aksaian	490.7 *
															Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian													Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4												Ayusokkanian	497
															Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
																	499.5
		Drumian													Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian													Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5											Tuesaian
		Wuliuan													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4													Branchian	509
				Toyonian												510 *
				Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian	514
				Atdabanian	515.6 *
				Atdabanian	Placentian										517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian											521
		Stage 2													525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
																		538.8